CS2401- COMPUTER GRAPHICS

CS2401- COMPUTER GRAPHICS

UNIT 1-2D PRIMITIVES

PART A

1.      Define Computer Graphics.

2.      Explain any 3 uses of computer graphics applications.

3.      What are the advantages of DDA algorithm?

4.      What are the disadvantages of DDA algorithm?

5.      Define Scan-line Polygon fill algorithm.

6.      What are Inside-Outside tests?

7.      Define Boundary-Fill algorithm.

8.      Define Flood-Fill algorithm.

9.      Define attribute parameter. Give examples.

10.  What is a line width? What is the command used to draw the thickness of lines.

11.  What are the three types of thick lines? Define.

12.  What are the attribute commands for a line color?

13.  What is color table? List the color codes.

14.  What is a marker symbol and where it is used?

15.  Discuss about inquiry functions.

16.  Define translation and translation vector.

17.  Define window and view port.

18.  Define viewing transformation.

19.  Give the equation for window to viewport transformation.

20.  Define view up vector.

21.  What is meant by clipping? Where it happens?

22.  What is point clipping and what are its inequalities?

23.  What is line clipping and what are their parametric representations?

24.  How is translation applied?

25.  What is referred to as rotation?

26.  Write down the rotation equation and rotation matrix. 4. What is called scaling transformation?

27.   Write the matrix representation for scaling, translation and rotation.

28.   Draw the block diagram for 2D viewing transformation pipeline.

29.  Mention the equation for homogeneous transformation.

30.  What is known as composition of matrix? 9

31.  Write the composition transformation matrix for scaling, translation and
Rotation.

32.  Discuss about the general pivot point rotation?

33.  Discuss about the general fixed point scaling.

34.    Explain window, view port and window - to - view port transformation

35.  Mention the three raster functions available in graphics packages.

36.  What is known as region codes?

37.  Why Cohen Sutherland line clipping is popular?

38.  Mention the point clipping condition for the liang-barsky line clipping.

39.  What is called as an exterior clipping?

40.  How is the region code bit values determined?

41.   Why liang-barsky line clipping is more efficient than Cohen Sutherland line
Clipping?

42.  Differentiate uniform and differential scaling.

PART B

1. Consider a line from (0,0) to (6,7).Using simple DDA algorithm,rasterize this line.
2. Consider a line from (0,0) to (6,6).Using simple DDA algorithm,rasterize this line.
3. Consider a line from (0,0) to (6,7).Using simple DDA algorithm,rasterize this line.
4. Applying Bresenham’s algorithm to draw a line from (4,4) and end point is (-3,0).
5. Plot a circle at origin having centre as (0,0) and radius=8 using Bresenham’s circle algorithm.
6. Plot a circle using mid point algorithm whose radius=3 and center is at (0,0).
7. The input ellipse parameters are r_x=8 and r_y=6.Using midpoint ellipse method,rasterize this ellipse.
8. Explain in detail about line attributes with neat diagram.
9. Explain soft fill procedures.
10. Explain the three primary color used in graphics and explain how other colors are achieved?
11. Explain in detail about color and grey scale levels?
12. Explain color and grey scale levels.
13. Explain the area fill attributes and character attributes.
14. Explain character attributes in detail.
15. Briefly discuss about basic transformations.
16. Explain matrix representations.
17. Discuss about composite transformations.
18. Explain about reflection and shear.
19. Explain the following transformation with the matrix representations.Give suitable diagram for illustration,i translation.ii scaling.iii rotation.
20. How the rotation of an object about the pivot point is performed?
21. How window-to-viewport coordinate transformation happens.
22. Explain clipping with its operation in detail.
23. Explain cohen- sutherland line clipping.
24. Discuss the logical classifications of input devices.
25. Explain the details of 2d viewing transformation pipeline.
26. Explain point, line, curve, text, exterior clipping?

 UNIT-II THREE-DIMENSIONAL CONCEPTS

PART A

1. What is a parallel projection?
2. Differentiate parallel and perspective projection.
3. What are quadric surfaces?
4. Define superquadrics.
5. What are blobby objects?
6. Define the term spline curve.
7. Write about depth cueing.
8. What is viewing operation?
9. What is meant by projection?
10. What is meant by view reference coordinate systems?
11. What is projected reference point?
12. What is center of projection? What is the other name of it?
13. Where do we use front plane and back plane?
14. What is the necessary of using near plane and far plane?

15.  What is called axonometric and isometric projections?

16.  Draw the three dimensional transformation pipeline.

17.  Explain vanishing point and principal vanishing point.

18.  Mention the classifications of visible surface detection algorithm

19.  Explain about octree method.

20.  Compare cavaliar and cabinet projections.

PART B

1. Discuss the three-dimensional composite transformation.
2. Differentiate parallel and perspective projection.
3. What are the functions available for 3-d transformation functions?
4. Explain the 3-d transformation for translation, rotation, scaling?
5. Write the matrix representation for 3-d transformation?
6. Explain the pipeline for transforming a view of a world-coordinate scene to device coordinates.
7. Describe the different types of rotation position in 3-d?
8. Compare the parallel and perspective projections?
9. What is a 3-d projection? Explain with a neat diagram.

UNIT-III GRAPHICS PROGRAMMING

            PART A

1.            Discuss the properties of light.

2.            Define chromaticity, complementary colors, color gamut and primary colors.

3.            What is color model?

4.            Define hue, saturation and value.

5.            Explain XYZ color model.

6.            Explain RGB color model.

7.            Explain YIQ color model.

8.            Explain CMY color model.

9.            Explain HSV color model.

10.        Give the procedure to convert HSV & RGB color model.

11.        What is the use of chromaticity diagram?

12.        What is illumination model?

13.        What are the basic illumination models?

14.        What is called as lightness?

15.        Explain the conversion of CMY to RGB representation.

16.        What is animation?

17.        Define Morphing.

18.        What are the steps involved in designing an animation sequence?

19.        How to draw dots using OPENGL?

20.        How to draw lines using OPENGL?

21.        How to draw convex polygons using OPENGL?

22.        What is the command used in OPENGL to clear the screen?

23.        What are the various OPENGL datatypes?
 

PART B

1.Explain about HSV Color Model.

2.Write short notes about a) YIQ Color Model. b)CMY Color Model.

3.Explain about HLS Color Model.

4.Explain RGB color model and CMY color model.

5.Devise an algorithm for conversion between HSV and RGB models.

6.Define animation sequences. What are the various steps involved in animation sequence?

7.Describe Morphing with an example.

8.What are Keyframe systems? Explain.

9.Describe the various ways in which the motions of objects can be specified in an animation system.

10.        Explain the various primitives and attributes in OPENGL.

11.        How to draw a 3-D object using OPENGL? Explain it with an example.

            UNIT-IV RENDERING

PART A

1. What is a shading model?
2. What is diffuse reflectivity?
3. Define Phong model.
4. What is flat shading?
5. What is Gouraud shading?
6. What is Fast Phong shading?
7. What is meant by Texture Mapping?
8. What are the rendering techniques for shaded images?

PART B

1. Describe about flat and smooth shading.
2. Write briefly about adding texture to faces and shadows of objects.
3. Write in detail about the rendering techniques for shadow images.

UNIT- V FRACTALS

PART A

1. What is a fractal?
2. What are the characteristics of a fractal object?
3. How to classify the fractals?
4. What are self squaring fractals?
5. What are self-Inverse fractals?
6. Define Julia set.
7. What are Mandelbrot sets?
8. What is Ray tracing?
9. What is texture mapping?

PART A

1. How to create image by iterated functions?
2. Describe in detail about Ray tracing methods.
3. Write in detail about Transparency.
4. Explain the various Boolean operations on objects.

spm 2

                                                IV Unit

1.Write short notes on monitoring.

Monitoring is collecting and reporting information concerning previously

defined project performance elements

2.Write short notes on control.

Control uses the information supplied by the monitoring techniques in order to bring project actual results in line with stated project performance standards

3.What are the three steps in project control?

Measuring & Monitoring

•     Identifying/tracking key performance metrics

Evaluating

•     Analyzing causes of problems and potential corrective actions

Correcting

•     Taking corrective actions to bring project performance back in line with goals

4.What are the functions in traffic light-method?

·     Identify the key

·     Break these key elements into constituent

·     Asses each of the second-level elements on the scale green for on target

·     Review all the second-level assessments to arrive at first-level assessments.

·     Review first- and second –level assessments to produce an overall

·     Assessments.

5.Define Gantt Chart

One of the simplest and oldest techniques project progress is the Gantt -chart

This is essentially an activity bar chart indicating scheduled activity dates and duration frequently augmented with activity floats.

6.Define slip chart.

A slip chart is a very alternative favoured by some project mangers who believe it provides a more striking visual indication of those activities that are not progressing to schedule the more the slip line bends, the greater variation from the plan.

7.Write short notes on Earned Value Analysis.

• is a measure of progress
• enables us to assess the “percent of completeness” of a project using quantitative analysis rather than rely on a gut feeling
• “Provides accurate and reliable readings of performance from as early as 15 percent into the project.”
• A technique used to help determine and manage project progress and the magnitude of any variations from the planned values concerning cost, schedule, and performance.

8.  Define Scheduled variance.

The schedule variance is measured in cost terms as EV-PV and indicates the degree to which the value of completed work differs from that planned.

9.What are the deciding levels of monitoring?

·     Critical path activities

·     Activities with no free float

·     Activities with less than a specified float

·     Activities using critical resources

·     High risk activities.

10. What are the steps in change control procedures?

• One or more users might perceive a need for a modification to a system and ask for change request to be passed to the development staff.
• The user management consider the change request and, if they approve it ,

pass   it to the  development management.

11.Define managing contracts.

Contract management or contract administration is the management of contracts made with customers, vendors, partners, or employees. Contract management includes negotiating the terms and conditions in contracts and ensuring compliance with the terms and conditions, as well as documenting and agreeing on any changes that may arise during its implementation or execution. It can be summarized as the process of systematically and efficiently managing contract creation, execution, and analysis for the purpose of maximizing financial and operational performance and minimizing risk.

12.What are the different types of contract?

·         Fixed price contracts.

·         Time and materials contracts.

·         Fixed price per delivered unit contracts.

13.What is meant by fixed price contracts?

·         involve a fixed total price for a well-defined product or service

·         may include incentives for meeting certain performance objectives or penalties if those objectives are not met.

14.Mention the advantages and disadvantages of fixed price contracts.

Advantages

·         Known customer expenditure

·         Supply motivation

·         Higher prices to allow for contingency

Disadvantages

·         Difficulties in modifying requirements

·         Upward pressure on the cost of changes

·         Threat to system quality.

15.Define time and materials contracts.

·         hybrid of both fixed price and cost reimbursable, often used by consultants

·         the buyer pays the seller for both the time and materials required to complete the work

                                                                i.      resembles a cost-reimbursable contract because it is open-ended and full cost of project is not predetermined

                                                              ii.      but can resemble a fixed-price contract if unit rates are set

16.What are the advantages and disadvantages are time and materials contracts?

Advantages

·         Ease of changing requirements.

·         Lack of price pressure

Disadvantages

·         Customer liability

·         Lack of incentives for supplier.

17.Define fixed per unit delivered contracts.

·         require the buyer to pay the seller a predetermined amount per unit of service

·         Detailed requirements analysis done and frozen before starting the contract

·         Any change after then, need renegotiating

1 8.What the advantages and disadvantages are of fixed per unit delivered contracts?

Advantages

·         Customer understading

·         Comparability

·         Emerging functionality

·         Supplier efficency

·         Life-cycle range

Disadvantages

·         Difficulities with software size measurements

·         Changing requiremnts.

19.What are the processes of evaluation need?

·         Security of the proposal documents

·         Interviewing supplier’s representatives.

·         Demonstrations.

·         Practical tests.

20.What are the services to be provided in contracts?

·         Training

·         Documentation

·         Installation

·         Conversion of existing files

·         Maintenance agreements

·         Transitional insurance agreements.

21.Define Acceptance.

When the work has been completed, the customer needs to take action to carry out acceptance testing. The contract may put a time limit on how long acceptance testing can take, so the customer must be organized to carry out this testing before the time for requesting correction expires.

Part-B

1.Explain project control cycle in detail.

2.How to prepare activity assessment sheet?

3. Explain the method Earned value Analysis.

4. Explain the change in control procedures.

5.What is meant by contract? Explain the supply process in detail.

6) Explain the different types of contract in detail.

7) Explain fixed price contracts with advantages and disadvantages.

8) Explain time and material contract with advantages and disadvantages

9) What are the stages in contract management?

10) What are the typical terms of a contract? Explain with examples.

                                                                 V Unit

1.What are the objectives of managing people and organizing teams?

·         Identify some of the factors that influence people’s behavior in project.

·         Select and induct new staff into a project.

·         Increase staff motivation.

·         Improve group working.

·         Use the most appropriate leadership styles.

2.What are the three basic objectives of organizational behaviour.

·         To select the best people for the job.

·         To instruct them in the best methods.

·         To give instructions in the form of higher wages to the best workers.

3.What are the factors consider in X theory?

·         The average human has an innate dislike of work.

·         There is a need therefore for correction, direction and control.

·         People tend to avoid responsibility.

4. What are the factors consider in Y theory?

·         Work is as natural as rest or play.

·         External control and coercion are not the only ways of bringing about effort directed towards an organization’s ends.

·         The average human can learn to accept and further seek responsibility.

5.Define Motivation.

Motivation is a general term applying to the entire class of drives, desires, needs,

wishes, and similar forces. Managers, as a part of motivating their staff, do all such

things which they hope will satisfy these drives and desires and induce the subordinates

to act in a desired manner.

6.What are the needs in maslow’s hierarchy theory?

1. Physiological Needs

2. Security or Safety Needs.

3. Affiliation or Social Needs

4. Esteem Needs

5. Self-actualization Needs

7.Write short notes on herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory

HERZBERG’S MOTIVATION-HYGIENE THEORY

Maslow's need approach has been considerably modified by Frederick Herzberg. His research purports to find a two-factor theory of motivation. In one group of needs are such things as company policy and administration, supervision, working conditions, interpersonal relations, salary, status, and job security. These were found by Herzberg and his associates to be only dissatisfies and not motivators. Their existence does not motivate in the sense of yielding satisfaction; their lack of existence would, however, result in dissatisfaction. Herzberg called them maintenance, hygiene or job context factors.

8.Write short notes on vroom’s expectancy theory.

Force = valence x expectancy

Where force is the strength of a person motivation, valence is the strength of an individual's preference for an outcome, and expectancy is the probability that a particular action will lead to a desired outcome.

9.What are the factors to be considered in the Oldham-hackman job characteristic model?

·         Skill variety

·         Task variety

·         Task significance

·         Autonomy

·         Feedback

10.Mention the methods of improving motivation.

Set specific tasks, provide feedback, and consider job design.

11.How to becoming a team?

Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning

12.Define Forming.

The members of the groups get to know each other and try to set up some ground rules about behaviour

13.What is meant by team worker?

Skilled at creating a good working environment

14.What are the two categorized for decision making?

·         Structured- generally relatively simple, routine decisions where rules can be applied in a fairly straightforward way

·         Unstructured- more complex and often requiring a degree of creativity.

15.Mention some mental obstacles to good decision making.

Faculty heuristics, escalation of commitment, information overhead.

16.What are the measures to reduce the disadvantages of group decision making?

·         The cooperation of a number of experts.

·         The problem is presented to the experts.

·         The experts record their recommendations.

·         These recommendations are collated and reproduced.

·         The collect responses are recirculated.

17.Define Leadership.

“ The ability of a superior to influence the behavior of his subordinates and persuade them to follow a particular course of action

18.What are the functions of leader?

[1] Goal-setter, [2] Planner, [3] Executive, [4] Expert, [5] Spokesman, [6] Controller of  internal relationships, [7] Administrator of rewards and punishments, [8] Arbitrator and mediator, [9] Role model, [10] Symbol of the group, and  [11] Father figure.

19. What are the leadership models/theories?

[1] Trait theory, [2] Leadership styles based on authority, [3] Managerial grid,  [4] Continuum approach,  [5] Feidler’s contingency model, and[6] Path-goal theory.

20.What are the leadership styles?

Directive autocrat, permissive autocrat, directive democrat, permissive democrat.

21)Define Stress.

Projects are about overcoming obstacles and achieving objectives. Almost by definition both the project manager and team members will be under pressure. Once a project gets rolling , you should expect members to be putting in atleast 60 hours a week.. the project must except to put in as many hours as possible.

22. Define departmentation

 The process of grouping activities is commonly known as departmentation. This is the first real task in designing an organization

Part-B

1) Explain the stepwise framework where staffing concerns are important.

2) Explain X theory and Y –theory. In detail

3) Explain the recruitment process.

4) Define motivation. Explain maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

5) Explain the expectancy theory of motivation.

6) What the methods involved in motivation?

7) What are the steps needed to become a team?

8) Explain the leadership style in detail.

9) Explain the organizational structures.

10) Explain the stress and healthy and safety in detail.