unit 2 in webtechnology

UNIT-II

1.Define XML.

     XML is a meta-markup language that provides a format for describing structured data. This facilitates more structured declarations of content and more meaningful search results across multiple platforms.

2. WHAT IS THE USE OF XML?

Extensible Markup Language, derived from SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language.

XML is widely supported open technology (i.e. non-proprietary) for electronic data exchange and storage.

XML is actually a language used to create other markup languages to describe data in a structured manner.

XML documents contain only data, not formatting instructions, so applications that process XML documents must decide how to manipulate or display the document’s data.

3. What are the XML rules for distinguishing between the content of a document and the XML markup element?

1.The start of XML markup elements is identified by either the less than symbol (<) or

the ampersand (&) character

2.Three other characters, the greater than symbol (>), the apostrophe or single quote (‘)

and the double quotation marks (“) are used by XML for markup.

3.To use these special characters as content within your document, you must use the corresponding general XML entity.

4.Define XML Schema.

XML schema defines the structure of XML documents. A key contribution of XML

schema is its definition of a collection of standard data types. Each data type definition

includes a specification of the range of values that can be represented by the data type and details on how to represent those values as strings.

5.Define CDATA.

Character data(CDATA) is a text in a document that should not be parsed by the XML

parser. Any entities included in the CDATA block will not be replaced by their value and

markup (such as HTML tags) will not be treated as markup.

6.Define DTD and write its types.

A DTD is a set of rules that specifies how to use XML markup. It contains specifications

for each element, including what the element's attributes are, what values the attributes can take on and what elements can be contained in others.

Types: Internal DTD and External DTD

7.WHAT IS THE USE OF XML NAMESPACE?

• XML allows document authors to create custom elements.

• This extensibility can result in naming collisions (i.e. different elements that have the same name) among elements in an XML document.

• An XML namespace is a collection of element and attribute names. Each namespace has a unique name that provides a means for document authors to unambiguously refer to elements with the same name (i.e. prevent collisions). 

 8. What are the different XSLT elements?

• Stylesheet

• Value-of

• For-each

• Sort

• Text

9. What is XPath?

Xpath is used to navigate XML tree structures. XPath gets its name from its use of a path notation to navigate through the hierarchical tree structure of an XML document. It is an important XML technology due to its role in providing a common syntax and semantics for functionality in both XSLT and XPointer.

 10. What all are the presentation technologies?

CSS - cascading syle sheets

XSL - provides users with ability to describe how xml data & document are to be formated.

Xforms - it is a GUI toolkit for creating user interfaces & delivering the results in XML.

Xhtml - it is used yo replace HTML with more flexable approach to display webcontent.

VoiceXML - it is an emerging standard for speech enabled application.

11. what are all the Transformation techniques?

XSLT - it is an XML- based languages used to transform XML documents into others format such as HTML for web display.

XLINK - highlighting that element or taking the user directly to that point in the document.

XPATH - xpath gets its name from its use of a payh notation to navigate through the hierarchical tree structure of an XML document XQUERY - it is w3c initiative to define a standard set of constructs for querying & searching XML document.

12.Name the three flavors of Document Type declaration?

1.Strict

2.Transitional

3.Frameset

13. What are Style Sheets?

Style sheets are collections of style information that are applied to plain text. Style

information includes font attributes such as type size, special effects (bold ,italic,underline),color and alignment. Style sheets also provide broader formatting instructions by specifying values for quantities such as line spacing and left and right margins.

14. Define CSS shortcut property?

It is a property that allows values to be specified for several non shorthand properties with a single declaration. Example: line-height property.

15.Define EDIFACT.

   EDIFACT is an acronym for EDI For Administration, Commerce and Transport. It coordinates international standardization by working through the UN/ECE (United Nations/Economic Commission for Europe).

It provides:

• an international EDI standard

• a set of syntax rules

• data elements, segments and codes

• messages

16.Define segment tables.

   The message structure is defined in segment tables. These give the ‘rules’ of the message. They also show which segments are used in a particular message and the order in which the segments must appear.

17.Define segment groups

 When collections of segments repeat as a group, they are called segment groups. If you are familiar with ANSI X.12, these are the equivalents of loops. Segment groups may be ‘nested’. This means that a segment group is fully contained within another segment group.

18.What are the types of segments?

  In EDIFACT, there are two kinds of segments:

• Service Segments

• Generic Segments

Service Segments are:

• Envelopes (UNB-UNZ, UNG-UNE, UNH-UNT)

• Delimiter String Advice (UNA)

• Section Separator (UNS)

Generic Segments are:

• DOC to identify and specify documents

• MOA for monetary amounts

• DTM for dates and times

• NAD for name and address data

19. Write the levels of envelopes.

EDIFACT has two required levels of envelopes:

• Interchange (UNB/UNZ): a set from one sender’s mailbox address to another sender’s mailbox address

• Message (UNH/UNT): the envelope around one particular message

 20.  What are the rules to be followed in a well-formed XML document?

• XML documents must contain at least one element.
• XML documents must have a root element
• XML elements must have a opening tag and a closing tag
• XML tags are case sensitive
• XML elements must be properly nested
• XML attribute values must be quoted

21.  Differentiate Internal Entity and External Entity.

Internal entity associate a name with a string of literal text.It allows us to define shortcuts for frequently  typed text or text expected to change.

External entity associates a name with the content of another file .It allow an xml document to refer to the contents of another file.

22 .What is meant by valid document?

A valid xml document is a well formed xml document  which conforms to the rules of the document type definition.

23.What is default namespace?

     Defining a default namespace for an element saves us from using prefixes in all the child elements.

It has the following syntax:

  xmlns=”namespaceURI”

24.List some of the xml tools.

   XML Notepad

   JCreator

   IBM  XML4J

   Xalan

25.What is mapping?

   Mapping is the standard that translate the human readable invoice to a machine readable format.

  Mapping is done for two  reasons

  1.The computer application of one business could not talk to those of another. Reentering of data required multiple times.

  2.The applications of one department could not talk to those of another in the same business. Ex: Invoice could not talk to accounts receivable.

UNIT -II

1. Discuss in detail about various types of Schemas with suitable examples.

2. Discuss in detail about XML DTD s, and their types with suitable examples.

3. Explain in detail about the various XML parsers with suitable examples.

4. Explain in detail about the various Presentation technologies available in XML.

5. Explain in detail about the various Transformation technologies available in XML.

6. Create a DTD for mark statement of a student. Write a program to retrieve the

elements and attributes of the XML document and display the mark statement in

a table format.

7.Write an XML document to illustrate XSL, parameter entities, Reference entities,

CDATA sections allowing different types of contents in the document.

8.Create a XML document to store voter ID, voter name, address and date of birth details.

9. Explain the message structure in EDIFACT.

10.Explain mapping and electronic enveloping.